Confounding by Indication: Response.
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Confounding by indication: an example of variation in the use of epidemiologic terminology.
Confounding by indication is a term used when a variable is a risk factor for a disease among nonexposed persons and is associated with the exposure of interest in the population from which the cases derive, without being an intermediate step in the causal pathway between the exposure and the disease. However, in the literature, the term confounding by indication is not always used consistently...
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BACKGROUND Evidence on influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) is commonly derived from observational studies. However, these studies are prone to confounding by indication and healthy vaccinee bias. We aimed to systematically investigate these two forms of confounding/bias. METHODS Systematic review of observational studies reporting influenza VE and indicators for bias and confounding. We asse...
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In the evaluation of pharmacologic therapies, the controlled clinical trial is the preferred design. When clinical trial results are not available, the alternative designs are observational epidemiologic studies. A traditional concern about the validity of findings from epidemiologic studies is the possibility of bias from uncontrolled confounding. In studies of pharmacologic therapies, confoun...
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BACKGROUND Clinical guidelines have recommended psychosocial assessment of self-harm patients for years, yet estimates of its impact on the risk of repeat self-harm vary. Assessing the association of psychosocial assessment with risk of repeat self-harm is challenging due to the effects of confounding by indication. METHODS We analysed data from a cohort study of 15,113 patients presenting to...
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Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of methods that control for confounding by indication, we compared breast cancer recurrence rates among women receiving adjuvant chemotherapy with those who did not. Study Design and Setting: In a medical record review-based study of breast cancer treatment in older women (n5 1798) diagnosed between 1990 and 1994, our crude analysis suggested that adjuva...
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عنوان ژورنال:
- The American journal of sports medicine
دوره 44 4 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2016